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Did you know that the poet John Milton and Galileo met when Milton toured France and Italy in 1638?
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The Galileo thermometer is based on buoyancy, the upward force on an object produced by the surrounding fluid. Using graduated weights sealed in a glass cylinder with water, Galileo was able to create a way of measuring the ambient temperature of the surrounding air.
Whether an object floats or sinks in a liquid relates the object's mass to the mass of the liquid displaced by the object when submerged. When the air temperature is high, the water temperature rises causing the water to be less dense, meaning the weights would sink; cooler air means cooler, denser water and the weights would float higher in the cylinder.
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In 1610 Galileo published a short treatise in Latin called Sidereal Nuncius. It was the first scientific treatise based on observations made through a telescope and contains the results of Galileo's early observations of the Moon, the stars, and the moons of Jupiter. The title, Sidereal Nuncius, is translated to English as Starry Messenger (sidereal = heavenly, starry + nuncius = now, at the present time).
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A pendulum is a weight (or bob) on the end of a string, which will swing back and forth under the influence of gravity over its central (lowest) point, once pushed. Ibn Yunus (10th century) was the first to study and document the pendulum's oscillatory motion.
Galileo's observations of the swaying lantern in the Pisa Cathedral lead to the use of pendulum in clocks to measure time. Leon Foucault demonstrated the rotation of the Earth with a tall pendulum suspended from the dome of the Pantheon in Paris. Edgar Allan Poe scared us pretty good with the story The Pit and the Pendulum.
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