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Geology & the Geosphere Educational Posters, Charts & Maps
for the science classroom and home schoolers.
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educational posters > science > geology | earth processes < geography < social studies
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Geology (Gk, ge=earth, logos=word, reason) is the scientific study of the solid physical properties, and history of the processes that shape Earth, the only Life bearing planet. Geologist study the lithosphere (crust) with related disciplines of mineralogy, petrology, soil science, oceanography and hydrology, glaciology, and atmospheric studies of meteorology and climatology.
Geologists help locate and manage the Earth's natural resources: fossil fuels (petroleum and coal), metals, gemstones, minerals, and elements.
Geologists establish the age of the Earth at about 4.6 billion years, and determined that the Earth's lithosphere is fragmented into tectonic plates that move.
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Geosphere: Rock Cycle
Poster Text: In the rock cycle, rock is neither created nor destroyed, but is continually recycled. Rock changes both physically and chemically, and is redistributed and transformed. Under the crust of the Earth is a circulating layer of liquid molten rock known as magma. When magma cools and solifies underground or above ground it becomes igneous rock. Igneous rock, through heat and pressure can be transformed into metamorphic rock. Once rocks are ... on the surface of the Earth, weather and erosion produce sediment. The sediment is transported and deposited in layers, which undergo compaction to become sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock can also become exposed to the same process that created it. Some rock becomes magma again through tectonic areas known as subduction zones. It is at these zones that one tectonic plate is pushed down under another....
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Geosphere: Plate Tectonics
Poster Text: The earth upon which we stand may seem solid and still, but in fact is in constant motion. That motion is explained in the theory of plate tectonics. The outermost layer of the Earth, the lithosphere, contains the continental crust and oceanic crusts. Those crusts are divided into separate land masses know as plates. These plates are floating on a molten layer of magma and rock called the ... and moving toward each other due to ....
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Understanding Earth Science using Satellite Imagery, Chart
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Minerals are naturally occurring substances formed through geological processes. A mineral has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure and specific physical properties; in comparison a rock is an aggregate of minerals and may not have a specific chemical composition. Minerals range from pure elements and simple salts to very complex compositions of silicates with thousands of known forms. The softest mineral is talc, the hardest mineral is diamond (April Birthstone).
The study of minerals is called mineralogy. Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth.
Examples pictured: gold, diamond, sulpher, copper, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, cinnabar, stibnite, galena, fluorite, corundum, quartz, hematite, rutile, cassiterite, agate, amethyst, magnetite, calcite, rhodochrosite, malachite, azurite, dolomite, ... wulfenite, barite, celestite, anglesite, gypsum, apatite, turquoise, garnet, tourmaline, topaz, beryl, spodumene, orthoclase, analcite, scolectiz.
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Tapestry of Time & Terrain is a US Geological Survey web site featuring a combined geologic map and shaded relief image that reveals the geologic history of North America through the interrelation of rock type, topography and time. Regional surface processes as well as continent-scale tectonic events are exposed in the three dimensions of space and the fourth dimension, geologic time. PDF poster available for free download.
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